Um sapato plano não tem diferença de altura entre o calcâneo e os metatarsos, ambos estão à mesma distância do piso. Os sapatos planos que não têm sola intermédia, são designados minimalistas, estes últimos são os que melhor imitam a marcha descalça. A corrida descalça ou minimalista pode aumentar a economia de corrida, ou seja diminuir significativamente o consumo de oxigénio. Por cada 100 gramas de massa dos sapatos o consumo de oxigénio aumenta 1%. Um corredor com sapatos de 360 gramas gasta mais 2% de oxigénio do que se correr com uns sapatos minimalistas de 180 gramas em qualquer tipo de corrida. Quer dizer: objectivamente ficará mais cansado pelo esforço respiratório adicional que o aumento de peso do sapato provocará. Comparativamente se o mesmo correr descalço o ganho no consumo de oxigénio será de 3,6%. Se um praticante de corrida correr com um sapato de 250 g (cada) inspirará menos 5% de oxigénio do que um corredor descalço.
Anderson LM, Bonanno DR, Hart HF, Barton CJ. What are the Benefits and Risks Associated with Changing Foot Strike Pattern During Running? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Injury, Running Economy, and Biomechanics. Sports Med. 2020 May;50(5):885-917. doi: 10.1007/s40279-019-01238-y. PMID: 31823338.;
Sun X, Lam WK, Zhang X, Wang J, Fu W. Systematic Review of the Role of Footwear Constructions in Running Biomechanics: Implications for Running-Related Injury and Performance. J Sports Sci Med. 2020 Feb 24;19(1):20-37. PMID: 32132824; PMCID: PMC7039038.
Yang Y, Zhang X, Luo Z, Wang X, Ye D, Fu W. Alterations in Running Biomechanics after 12 Week Gait Retraining with Minimalist Shoes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Jan 28;17(3):818. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17030818. PMID: 32012958; PMCID: PMC7036986.
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Perl DP, Daoud AI, Lieberman DE. Effects of footwear and strike type on running economy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012 Jul;44(7):1335-43. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318247989e. PMID: 22217565.
Anderson LM, Bonanno DR, Hart HF, Barton CJ. What are the Benefits and Risks Associated with Changing Foot Strike Pattern During Running? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Injury, Running Economy, and Biomechanics. Sports Med. 2020 May;50(5):885-917. doi: 10.1007/s40279-019-01238-y. PMID: 31823338.
Sun X, Lam WK, Zhang X, Wang J, Fu W. Systematic Review of the Role of Footwear Constructions in Running Biomechanics: Implications for Running-Related Injury and Performance. J Sports Sci Med. 2020 Feb 24;19(1):20-37. PMID: 32132824; PMCID: PMC7039038.
Yang Y, Zhang X, Luo Z, Wang X, Ye D, Fu W. Alterations in Running Biomechanics after 12 Week Gait Retraining with Minimalist Shoes. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Jan 28;17(3):818. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17030818. PMID: 32012958; PMCID: PMC7036986.
Joel T. Fuller, Dominic Thewlis, Margarita D. Tsiros, Nicholas A. T. Brown, Joseph Hamill & Jonathan D. Buckley (2019) Longer-term effects of minimalist shoes on running performance, strength and bone density: A 20-week follow-up study, European Journal of Sport Science, 19:3, 402-412, DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1505958.
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Roca-Dols A, Elena Losa-Iglesias M, Sánchez-Gómez R, Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo R, López-López D, Palomo-López P, Rodríguez-Sanz D, Calvo-Lobo C. Electromyography activity of triceps surae and tibialis anterior muscles related to various sports shoes. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2018 Oct;86:158-171. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.039. Epub 2018 Jun 5. PMID: 29986290.
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Fleming N.,J. Walters,J. Grounds,L. Fife,A. Acute response to barefoot running in habitually shod males, Finch Publication: Human Movement Science Publisher: Elsevier Date: August 2015.
Goss DL, Lewek M, Yu B, Ware WB, Teyhen DS, Gross MT. Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Self-Reported Foot-Strike Patterns Among Runners in Traditional and Minimalist Shoes. J Athl Train. 2015 Jun;50(6):603-11. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050.49.6.06. PMID: 26098391; PMCID: PMC4527444.
Hall JP, Barton C, Jones PR, Morrissey D. The biomechanical differences between barefoot and shod distance running: a systematic review and preliminary meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2013 Dec;43(12):1335-53. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0084-3. PMID: 23996137.
Perl DP, Daoud AI, Lieberman DE. Effects of footwear and strike type on running economy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012 Jul;44(7):1335-43. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318247989e. PMID: 22217565.
Divert C, Mornieux G, Baur H, Mayer F, Belli A. Mechanical comparison of barefoot and shod running. Int J Sports Med. 2005 Sep;26(7):593-8. doi: 10.1055/s-2004-821327. PMID: 16195994.
As possibilidades de lesões no tendão de aquiles (tendão que liga os gémeos ao calcâneo) poderão ser reduzidas pelo facto de este não estar encurtado pela altura do tacão do sapato, logo a capacidade de resistência e força deste tendão é maior com o calçado minimalista e pela corrida descalça aumentando a amplitude do tendão de Aquiles a força da flexão plantar também aumenta.
A forma de correr nos metatarsos é um processo evolutivo de milhões de anos, aproveitando toda a biomecânica corporal ao invés de fazer uma passada travada pela borracha no calcâneo. Os sapatos minimalistas permitem correr com menor impacto articular no momento da aterragem.
Anderson LM, Bonanno DR, Hart HF, Barton CJ. What are the Benefits and Risks Associated with Changing Foot Strike Pattern During Running? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Injury, Running Economy, and Biomechanics. Sports Med. 2020 May;50(5):885-917. doi: 10.1007/s40279-019-01238-y. PMID: 31823338.
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Moody D, Hunter I, Ridge S, Myrer JW. Comparison of Varying Heel to Toe Differences and Cushion to Barefoot Running in Novice Minimalist Runners. Int J Exerc Sci. 2018 May 1;11(1):13-19. PMID: 29795721; PMCID: PMC5955330.
Davis IS, Rice HM, Wearing SC. Why forefoot striking in minimal shoes might positively change the course of running injuries. J Sport Health Sci. 2017 Jun;6(2):154-161. doi: 10.1016/j.jshs.2017.03.013. Epub 2017 Mar 31. PMID: 30356630; PMCID: PMC6189002.
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Azevedo AP, Mezêncio B, Amadio AC, Serrão JC. 16 Weeks of Progressive Barefoot Running Training Changes Impact Force and Muscle Activation in Habitual Shod Runners. PLoS One. 2016 Dec 1;11(12):e0167234. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167234. Erratum in: PLoS One. 2017 Apr 19;12 (4):e0176426. PMID: 27907069; PMCID: PMC5132300.
Fuller JT, Buckley JD, Tsiros MD, Brown NA, Thewlis D. Redistribution of Mechanical Work at the Knee and Ankle Joints During Fast Running in Minimalist Shoes. J Athl Train. 2016 Oct;51(10):806-812. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.05. Epub 2016 Nov 11. PMID: 27834504; PMCID: PMC5189234.
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Os sapatos desnivelados com passada de impacto posterior tem maior impacto do que a corrida descalça no período de transição da passada correspondente a inversão da curvatura no gráfico do sapato desnivelado (até 20% da fase de contacto com o solo - Stance). Correr com os sapatos desnivelados pode provocar mais lesões articulares no joelho e articulação tibio-társica (veja a vibração do pé calçado) pelas maiores forças exercidas.
Nota: a imagem supra serve apenas a título didático não significando qualquer forma de contratualização entre este site e os donos da imagem, todos os direitos pertencem a Ceolin, Camila & Machado, Álvaro & Santos, Gislaine & Schimidt, Helen & Kunzler, Marcos & Carpes, Felipe. (2020). Acute responses to barefoot 5 km treadmill running involve changes in landing kinematics and delayed onset muscle soreness. Gait & posture.
O aumento da cadência, ou seja a frequência de passos depende de correr descalço ou com calçado minimalista. Este tipo de corrida com passada anterior, ao aumentar a frequência dos passos reduz as oscilações verticais redistribuindo a massa corporal do corredor por um maior número de passos para a mesma distância reduzindo assim o impacto individual dos mesmos. Na corrida descalça os pés aterram nos metatarsos em flexão plantar e inversão, realizam uma ligeira eversão, seguindo a curvatura do arco transverso, caindo para a cavidade medial. Após utilizam o efeito torniquete do primeiro dedo (windlass), aumentando a curvatura longitudinal à medida que tracionam a fáscia plantar transmitindo força para as pernas. Os dois picos de força ocorrem a meio do movimento pendular (swing) em que o membro inferior que está em contacto com o solo tem de suportar a maior carga quando ambas ficam alinhadas verticalmente.
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Carpentier M, Perpiñá Martínez S, De Man A, Pierrakos C, Isenborgh S, De Bels D, Honore PM, Salem W, Redant S. Barefoot Running: Between Fashion and Real Way to Prevent Joint Osteo Lesions? J Transl Int Med. 2020 Sep 25;8(3):188-194. doi: 10.2478/jtim-2020-0028. PMID: 33062595; PMCID: PMC7534494.
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Wegener C, Hunt AE, Vanwanseele B, Burns J, Smith RM. Effect of children's shoes on gait: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Foot Ankle Res. 2011 Jan 18;4:3. doi: 10.1186/1757-1146-4-3. PMID: 21244647; PMCID: PMC3031211.
Wegener C, Hunt AE, Vanwanseele B, Burns J, Smith RM. Effect of children's shoes on gait: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Foot Ankle Res. 2011 Jan 18;4:3. doi: 10.1186/1757-1146-4-3. PMID: 21244647; PMCID: PMC3031211.
Xu Y, Hou Q, Wang C, Sellers AJ, Simpson T, Bennett BC, Russell SD. Full Step Cycle Kinematic and Kinetic Comparison of Barefoot Walking and a Traditional Shoe Walking in Healthy Youth: Insights for Barefoot Technology. Appl Bionics Biomech. 2017;2017:2638908. doi: 10.1155/2017/2638908. Epub 2017 Nov 7. PMID: 29238158; PMCID: PM
A utilização quotidiana de sapatos que assegurem o movimento natural do pé, nomeadamente falanges (dedos), metatarsos e articulação tíbio-társica (tornozelo) poderão assegurar uma melhor sensibilidade, força e equilíbrio.
Sánchez-Ramírez C, Alegre LM. Plantar support adaptations in healthy subjects after eight weeks of barefoot running training. PeerJ. 2020 Mar 31;8:e8862. doi: 10.7717/peerj.8862. PMID: 32266122; PMCID: PMC7120041.
Carlton Rowlands Mandy S. Plumb; The effects of a 4-week barefoot exercise intervention on plantar pressure, impact, balance and pain in injured recreational runners: A pilot study ;DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijosm.2019.10.005;
Helton GL, Cameron KL, Zifchock RA, Miller E, Goss DL, Song J, Neary MT. Association Between Running Shoe Characteristics and Lower Extremity Injuries in United States Military Academy Cadets. Am J Sports Med. 2019 Oct;47(12):2853-2862. doi: 10.1177/0363546519870534. Epub 2019 Sep 9. PMID: 31498686.
Holowka NB, Wynands B, Drechsel TJ, Yegian AK, Tobolsky VA, Okutoyi P, Mang'eni Ojiambo R, Haile DW, Sigei TK, Zippenfennig C, Milani TL, Lieberman DE. Foot callus thickness does not trade off protection for tactile sensitivity during walking. Nature. 2019 Jul;571(7764):261-264. doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1345-6. Epub 2019 Jun 26. PMID: 31243365.
Ridge ST, Olsen MT, Bruening DA, Jurgensmeier K, Griffin D, Davis IS, Johnson AW. Walking in Minimalist Shoes Is Effective for Strengthening Foot Muscles. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019 Jan;51(1):104-113. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001751. PMID: 30113521.
Roca-Dols A, Elena Losa-Iglesias M, Sánchez-Gómez R, Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo R, López-López D, Palomo-López P, Rodríguez-Sanz D, Calvo-Lobo C. Electromyography activity of triceps surae and tibialis anterior muscles related to various sports shoes. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2018 Oct;86:158-171. doi: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.05.039. Epub 2018 Jun 5. PMID: 29986290.
Zech A, Venter R, de Villiers JE, Sehner S, Wegscheider K, Hollander K. Motor Skills of Children and Adolescents Are Influenced by Growing up Barefoot or Shod. Front Pediatr. 2018 Apr 25;6:115. doi: 10.3389/fped.2018.00115. PMID: 29922637; PMCID: PMC5996942.
Hollander K, Heidt C, VAN DER Zwaard BC, Braumann KM, Zech A. Long-Term Effects of Habitual Barefoot Running and Walking: A Systematic Review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017 Apr;49(4):752-762. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001141. PMID: 27801744.
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Elizabeth E.Miller, Katherine K. Whitcome, Daniel E.Lieberman, Heather L.Norton, Rachael E.Dyer., The effect of minimal shoes on arch structure and intrinsic foot muscle strength. Journal of Sport and Health Science Volume 3, Issue 2, June 2014, Pages 74-85.
Outro pormenor dos sapatos planos e minimalistas é possuírem espaço para os dedos: não esmagam os metatarsos nem as as falanges. O princípio físico é simples P=F/S, em que P é a pressão, F é a força e S a superfície. Ou seja, quanto maior a superfície menor a pressão. Quanto maior o espaço para o pé, menor a compressão e maior amplitude para os tendões dos músculos (por exemplo do tibial anterior, longo peronial, longo flexor do halux, músculos interósseos, apenas para citar alguns).
Se lhe dissessem que o pé tinha um mecanismo global que serve para a impulsão mas também para interagir com as principais cadeias de movimento do corpo (extensão, flexão, abertura, fecho), pensaria que poderíamos estar a imaginar mas esse mecanismo existe designa-se: efeito windlass.
J.Hicks em 1954 descobriu que os pés na marcha e na corrida beneficiam de um mecanismo de torniquete localizado no primeiro metatarso, acionado pela extensão do primeiro dedo. Em conjunto tracionam a fáscia plantar e aumentam a curvatura do arco longitudinal do pé. Desta forma repercutem as forças para as cadeias musculares e fasciais acima. Movem todo o corpo.
Sichting F, Holowka NB, Hansen OB, Lieberman DE. Effect of the upward curvature of toe springs on walking biomechanics in humans. Sci Rep. 2020 Sep 17;10(1):14643. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71247-9. PMID: 32943665; PMCID: PMC7499201.
Ingkatecha, Onwaree et al. Effects of windlass enhancing feature on kinematics and kinetics during propulsive stance phase of running. Malaysian Journal of Movement, Health & Exercise, [S.l.], v. 8, n. 2, july 2019. ISSN 2600-9404.
Hollander K, de Villiers JE, Sehner S, Wegscheider K, Braumann KM, Venter R, Zech A. Growing-up (habitually) barefoot influences the development of foot and arch morphology in children and adolescents. Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 14;7(1):8079. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07868-4. PMID: 28808276; PMCID: PMC5556098.
Elizabeth E.Miller, Katherine K. Whitcome, Daniel E.Lieberman, Heather L.Norton, Rachael E.Dyer., The effect of minimal shoes on arch structure and intrinsic foot muscle strength. Journal of Sport and Health Science Volume 3, Issue 2, June 2014, Pages 74-85.
O conceito do homúnculo foi inventado pelo neurocirurgião Penfield em 1940. É uma representação gráfica da importância cerebral que cada parte do corpo tem, de acordo com o espaço que ocupa naquele orgão. Está dividido em componente sensitiva e motora. Os pés tem mais sensibilidade em termos de redes neuronais do que o resto do corpo, exceptuando cara e membros superiores, o pé representa cerca de 1/10 em termos sensitivos na área cortical 3,1,2 de Brodmann (figura à esquerda) e aproximadamente 1/20 na área motora (figura à direita), área 4 de Brodmann. Se os sapatos forem flexíveis, com sola nivelada e espaçosos a propriocepção e o equilíbrio do sistema neurológico serão melhor aproveitados.
As cadeias musculares e fasciais de movimento de extensão, flexão têm origem na fáscia plantar, portanto uma alteração na sua tensão irá influenciar todo o corpo e a sua capacidade biomecânica. A posição dos pés condiciona toda a posição do corpo, as várias curvaturas fisiológicas são alteradas pelo desnível do calçado.
O que calçamos pode pré-determinar a Saúde não só músculo-esquelética (artroses, entorses), mas também visceral (alterações da posição dos orgãos, prolapsos que alteram a fisiologia, estenoses que bloqueiam a circulação) e neurológica (radiculopatias, listeses, equilíbrio, propriocepção).